compensatory disease may not be immediate after sympathectomy

Newer techniques include the use of clips instead of complete transsection of the nerve but reversal is not always possible as nerve destruction can be quick and compensatory disease may not be immediate.

The main complications with sympathectomy include compensatory sweating, phantom sweating, gustatory sweating, Horner syndrome, and neuralgia.

Management of Hyperhidrosis

Aamir Haider, Nowell Solish and Nicholas J. Lowe
www.sweatclinicsofcanada.com/Book.pdf

This injures all the neurons at this level of the spinal cord, some of which may die, and may predispose the patient to spinal cord reorganization and severe compensatory hyperhidrosis

Sympathectomy vs sympathotomy. Sympathectomy, with use of ganglionectomy and by definition, must sever the primary axon from the neuron in the intermediolateral cell column of the spinal cord (red) before primary or collateral synapse in the T2 ganglion. This injures all the neurons at this level of the spinal cord, some of which may die, and may predispose the patient to spinal cord reorganization and severe compensatory hyperhidrosis. Sympathotomy interrupts only axons after potential T2 ganglion synapses, a less injurious effect on the neuron, and is the least destructive procedure possible with successful treatment
of palmar hyperhidrosis.
Mayo Clin Proc 2003;78:167-172.   http://www.mayoclinic.org/medicalprofs/enlargeimage5096.html

the requirement to practise according to widely accepted professional standards implies the need to be abreast of contemporary clinical practice

http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/194_05_070311/choice_070311_fm.html

reduction in hypothalamic dopamine, which leads to an increase in serum prolactin level

At this point, it is particularly interesting to recall the earlier reports of middle ear bone remodeling in the gerbil after chemical sympathectomy by guanethidine sulfate (86) or hydroxydopamine (85). Although these neurotoxins do eliminate sympathetic activity, there are, in parallel, major central consequences. In particular, both treatments reduce hypothalamic dopamine, which leads to an increase in serum prolactin levels.
http://ajpendo.physiology.org/content/293/5/E1224.full

"Again, patients admitted with any malignancy, cholecystectomy, thyroidectomy, renal disease, cardiac disease, sympathectomy, or vascular graft were eliminated as controls."
This article reviews the evidence that neuroleptics may increase the risk of breast cancer via their effects on prolactin secretion.
Paul M. Schyve; Francine Smithline; Herbert Y. Meltzer
Neuroleptic-induced Prolactin Level Elevation and Breast Cancer: An Emerging Clinical Issue
Arch Gen Psychiatry, Nov 1978; 35: 1291 - 1301.

Body temperature is highly correlated with plasma prolactin in thermally stressed men
(78), suggesting that normal heat defense is associated with decreased central dopamine, and
intraventricular haloperidol produces a coordinated heat-defense response (79). These reports refute a
unique or essential role for central dopamine antagonism in neuroleptic malignant syndrome hyperthermia
and provide additional evidence that state-dependent factors are important mediators of dopamine
antagonist effects.
There is substantial evidence to support the hypothesis that dysregulated sympathetic nervous system hyperactivity is responsible for most, if not all, features of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. A predisposition to more extreme sympathetic nervous system activation and/or dysfunction in response to emotional or psychological stress may constitute a trait vulnerability for neuroleptic malignant syndrome, which, when coupled with state variables such as acute psychic distress or dopamine receptor antagonism, produces the clinical syndrome of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. This hypothesis provides a more comprehensive explanation for existing clinical data than do the current alternatives.

http://ajp.psychiatryonli...i/content/full/156/2/169

dural blood flow decreased significantly in the cervical sympathectomy group

Migraine may affect the autonomic nervous system, but the mechanisms remain unclear. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems may play different roles in the attack. To explore the effect of blocking the cervical sympathetic nerve on vasodilation of the meningeal vessels, jugular vein calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and meningeal blood flow changes were measured before and after transection of the cervical sympathetic nerve by electrically stimulating the trigeminal ganglion in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. We found that CGRP level and meningeal blood flow increased in both the sham-operated and sympathectomized groups (p<0.05). Compared with the sham-operated group, dural blood flow decreased significantly in the cervical sympathectomy group, but CGRP level was not significantly different between these two groups. The cervical sympathetic nerve may play an important role in the process of neurogenic dural vasodilation in rats; this effect is not entirely dependent on CGRP level.
http://www.autonomicneuroscience.com/article/S1566-0702%2811%2900026-9/abstract

Intentional misrepresentation of the elective surgical sympathectomy is common practice

"Sweating is one form of regulating the body's temperature. If the operation prevents sweating in one area, it is possible that patients will notice a greater amount of sweating elsewhere in their body in order to compensate. This is called "compensatory sweating" and can occur on the face, abdomen, back, buttocks, thighs, or feet. While this is a mild nuisance for most patients, occasionally (5-10% of the time) it can be severe and interfere with the patient's lifestyle. If it occurs, it usually improves within 6 months."
http://thoracic.surgery.virginia.edu/general-thoracic/general-thoracic-conditions-treatment/hyperhidrosis/


Mia: None of the 'facts' listed in the above text can be supported by scientific evidence. The information illustrates the myths spread on the internet by those who have a financial interest in offering ETS, - an interest that overrides the medical and ethical obligations of the medical profession. 
The so called "compensatory sweating" is NOT compensatory, and the only study looking into  this concluded that patients did sweat more after ETS. 
If this side-effect  of the elective surgery (intentional neurological injury/lesion) would be "compensatory" in order to maintain thermoregulation, it would be observed after botox or ionthoporesis treatment as well. Hyperhidrosis (reflex hyperhidrosis)  is an usual finding in people after spinal cord injuries (especially above T6) and in diabetics due to damage to the SNS. It is a pathological response to injury.

 No evidence can support - and there is clear contrary evidence -   that if this compensatory sweating would occur, it would diminish in 6 months. It is all part of the intentional misrepresentation of elective surgeries to make them appear more appealing and safer than they are.

Extreme caution is called for when considering surgical sympathectomy

Surgical sympathectomy is carried out on the basis of poor quality evidence, studies without
control groups, and personal experience. Though it would appear logical (and has been
suggested) that surgical sympathectomy is indicated primarily for patients with confirmed
'sympathetic-dependent pain, other authors take the view that the treatment results are
not correlated to this. Eighteen percent of patients undergoing sympathectomy for
neuropathic pain experience compensatory hyperhidrosis and 25% experience neuropathic
complications.
Extreme caution is called for when considering surgical sympathectomy for pain control in
CRPS-I. The procedure should be conducted in the context of a trial in order to ascertain
the efficacy and potential risks.
Guideline

INITIATIVE:
Netherlands Society of Rehabilitation Specialists
Netherlands Society of Anaesthesiologists

WITH THE SUPPORT OF:
Institute for Healthcare Improvement CBO
www.cbo.nl/Downloads/341/rl_crps_eng_07.pdf

Decreased tanning response after video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18794484

Skin depigmentation: could it be a complication caused by thoracic sympathectomy?

 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19766777

lumbar sympathectomy results in loss of ejaculation

Sympathectomy for the long term management of such patients has been carried out (Abel et al., 1974) and success reported. Loss of ejaculation does follow sympathectomy but his is a minor problem in patients who have an already destroyed sacral cord. (p. 410)

During fever pyrogen is released from leucocytes and his agent causes the disturbed thermoregulation (Atkinson, 1960). For his response to occur, an intact efferent sympathetic system is requred because fever can be markedly reduced by bilateral sympathectomy in he cat (Pinkston, 1935). (p.193)
The autonomic nervous system: an introduction to basic and clinical concepts By Otto Appenzeller, Emilio Oribe, Elsevier Health Sciences, 1997 - Medical

a significant impairment of the heart rate to workload relationship was consistently observed following sympathectomy

The HRV analysis showed a significant change of indices reflecting sympatho-vagal balance indicating significantly reduced sympathetic (LF) and increased vagal (HF, rMSSD) tone. These changes still persisted after 2 years. Global HRV increased over time with significant elevation of SDANN after 2 years. QT dispersion was significantly reduced 1 month after surgery and the dispersion was further diminished 2 years later.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167527399001011

Surgical and chemical sympathectomy can alter cellular proliferation

Surgical denervation and chemical sympathectomy can alter cellular proliferation, B- and T-cell responsiveness and lymphocyte migration in lymphoid organs [17]. In vitro studies have shown that neuropeptides can have numerous effects, either inhibiting or stimulating the proliferation, differentiation
and functions of immune cells [19]*
Development of systemic lupus erythematosus in mice is associated with alteration of neuropeptide concentrations in inflamed kidneys and immunoregulatory organs
Neuroscience Letters 248 (1998) 97– 100

Informed consent - sympathectomy

Physicians are required to gain informed consent prior to administering a treatment. Informed consent is gained by providing patients with a full accounting of the risks of the treatment as documented in peer-reviewed, published medical/scientific literature.

Your scenario of surgeons being flummoxed by unhappy patients complaining after surgery doesn't hold water. The rules of professional medical ethics require that the treating physician be well versed in the published literature on the treatments he delivers.

There is a mountain of published research (spanning nearly a century) documenting the adverse effects of sympathectomy. There are numerous studies, for example, showing very high rates of severe side effects and studies showing that satisfaction diminishes substantially over the long term.
It is a doctors job to know this stuff and it is their ethical duty to disclose that information to patients.
So, I see the blame thing as pretty cut and dry. Surgeons perfoming sympathectomies routinely withhold information vital to informed consent. Anyone who does objective comparison between what is documented in medical/scientific literature and what is typically disclosed to prospective ETS patients has no choice but reach this conclusion.

And, to make matters worse, many surgeons use testimonials from a hand-selected group of their happiest patients to advocate the surgery. That practice is considered unethical by all medical professional organizations.

http://etsandreversals.yuku.com/reply/22927/Would-you-do-it-again#reply-22927

relevant to post-sympathectomy pain

These data suggest that induction of a prolonged state of mechanical hyperalgesia causes time-dependent alterations in the sympathetic control of peripheral nociceptive mechanisms such that sympathectomy can lead to enhanced hyperalgesic response. These findings may be relevant to post-sympathectomy pain, a clinical entity for which there has been no available animal models.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0306452295005307

Segmental myoclonus was associated with thoracic sympathectomy

Spinal myoclonus was associated with laminectomy, remote effect of cancer, spinal cord injury, post-operative pseudomeningocele, laparotomy, thoracic sympathectomy, poliomyelitis, herpes myelitis, lumbosacral radiculopathy, spinal extradural block, and myelopathy due to demyelination, electrical injury, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and cervical spondylosis.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3753263

Spinal myoclonus is typically associated with a localized area of damaged tissue (focal lesion). The injured area may include direct damage of the spinal cord or may cause abnormal changes in the function of the spinal cord.
http://www.wemove.org/myo/myo_pc.html

Spinal myoclonus following a peripheral nerve injury: a case report
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2526081/

Skin denervation in vasculitic neuropathy

Epidermal nerve fiber densities were significantly reduced in the skin of all patients, consistent with concomitant small-fiber neuropathies.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16216940

90% can experience gustatory sweating after sympathectomy

Some individuals (up to 90%) may experience another type of sweating that is increased while eating or smelling certain foods (gustatory sweating) (Hornberger).

Source: Medical Disability Advisor

http://www.mdguidelines.com/sympathectomy

sympathectomy can cause postsympathectomy pain called sympathalgia in up to 44% of patients

The sympathalgia secondary to sympathectomy usually starts around the first 2 weeks of the surgical procedure. It is a dull and cramping pain and occasionally can be a sharp pain. Although it is temporary in some patients, in others it can persist for several months or years.

H. Hooshmand, M.D.
Chronic Pain, page 156

83% of patients who underwent T2 sympathectomy reported severe compensatory sweating

one year after surgery and the majority of those reported they regretted the decision to have the surgery.
Heather Ennis. Medical Post. Toronto: Feb 15, 2005. Vol. 41, Iss. 7; pg. 17, 2 pgs

Serious complications reported after sympathectomy

Surgery involving the clamping of sympathetic nerve trunks to prevent excessive perspiration and blushing appears to be of questionable value.

Complications have been reported, ranging from phantom perspiration to blood clots in the brain.

The Finnish Office for Health Care Technology Assessment (FinOHTA), which is part of the National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES) recently conducted a survey on the various effects of hyperhidrosis surgery at the request of the Finnish Medical Association.

Finnish surgeon Timo Telaranta has performed about 2,000 such operations at private clinics in Helsinki and Oulu in the past ten years.
The National Authority for Medicolegal Affairs has issued three warnings to Telaranta and the Provincial Government of Southern Finland has issued one.
There are currently no complaints pending against Telaranta, and the authority has not considered restricting his rights to practice medicine.

The Finnish Patient Insurance Centre has processed 20 complaints concerning Telarantas Privatex clinic. The complaints resulted in 14 decisions to pay compensation. All except two of the surgeries were conducted by Telaranta himself.
Telaranta says that he treats patients suffering from difficult social anxiety with endoscopic surgery in which an incision is made into the upper part of the chest cavity, and the sympathetic nerve trunk is severed or clamped.
Most patients are satisfied with the treatment. However, FinOHTA found that there were many negative side-effects, some of which were very serious.
With most patients, heavy perspiration of the palms has moved to other parts of the body, below the breasts. As many as 15% of those who have undergone the surgery said that the surge in body perspiration forces them to change underwear several times a day.
Other side-effects have included drying of the skin on the face and hands, as well as perspiration triggered by eating spicy food. There are also reports of phantom perspiration - the feeling of perspiration when none takes place - as well as a weakened tolerance for cold.

More serious effects include collapsing of a lung, breathing difficulties, and blood clots in the brain. Some patients got a hanging eyelid, while others reported a sudden raspiness of their voice.
One of Dr. Telarantas patients who had made a complaint began to experience strong reactions of anxiety which did not go away even after corrective surgery. Later the patient committed suicide.

Dr. Telaranta himself says that the side-effects are regrettable. However, he says that he has developed a procedure which does not cause any such side effects.
He also says that it is important to examine patients carefully, and to perform surgery only on those who are suited for the procedure.
Many doctors have serious reservations about the idea of treating complaints such as excessive perspiration, blushing, and performance anxiety by severing peoples nerves.
Helsingin Sanomat
http://www.hs.fi/english/article/1101979734791

decreased conditioning-related activity in insula and amygdala in patients with autonomic denervation

The degree to which perceptual awareness of threat stimuli and bodily states of arousal modulates neural activity associated with fear conditioning is unknown. We used functional magnetic neuroimaging (fMRI) to study healthy subjects and patients with peripheral autonomic denervation to examine how the expression of conditioning-related activity is modulated by stimulus awareness and autonomic arousal. In controls, enhanced amygdala activity was evident during conditioning to both "seen" (unmasked) and "unseen" (backward masked) stimuli, whereas insula activity was modulated by perceptual awareness of a threat stimulus. Absent peripheral autonomic arousal, in patients with autonomic denervation, was associated with decreased conditioning-related activity in insula and amygdala. The findings indicate that the expression of conditioning-related neural activity is modulated by both awareness and representations of bodily states of autonomic arousal.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11856537

Effect of sympathectomy on mechanical properties of common carotid and femoral arteries

Compared with the intact animals, sympathectomized rats showed a marked increase in arterial distensibility over the entire systolic-diastolic pressure range. When quantified by the area under the distensibility-pressure curve, the increase was 59% and 62% for the common carotid and femoral arteries, respectively (P<.01 for both). In the femoral but not in the common carotid artery, sympathectomy was accompanied also by an increase in arterial diameter (+18%, P<.05 versus intact). Therefore, in the anesthetized normotensive rat, sympathetic activity exerts a tonic restraint on large-artery distensibility. This restraint is pronounced in elastic vessels and even more pronounced in muscle-type vessels.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9369260

endoscopic sympathicotomy in carotid and vertebral arteries in the surgical treatment of primary hyperhidrosis

Analyze, in patients with primary hyperhidrosis (PH) who was undergone to videothoracoscopic sympathicotomy, the degree of vascular denervation after surgical transection of the thoracic sympathetic chain by measuring ultrasonografic parameters in carotid and vertebral arteries.

METHODS:

Twenty-four patients with PH underwent forty-eight endoscopic thoracic sympathicotomy and were evaluated by duplex eco-Doppler measuring systolic peak velocity (SPV), diastolic peak velocity (DPV), pulsatility index (PI) and resistivity index (RI) in bilateral common, internal and external carotids, besides bilateral vertebral arteries. The exams were performed before operations and a month later. Wilcoxon test was used to analyse the differences between the variables before and after the sympatholisis.

RESULTS:

T3 sympathicotomy segment was the most frequent transection done (95.83%), as only ablation (25%) or in association with T4 (62.50%) or with T2 (8.33%). It was observed increase in RI and PI of the common carotid artery (p < 0.05). The DPV of internal carotid artery decreased in both sides (p < 0.05). The SPV and the DPV of the right and left vertebral arteries also increased (p < 0.05). Asymmetric findings were observed so that, arteries of the right side were the most frequently affected.

CONCLUSIONS:

Hemodynamic changes in vertebral and carotid arteries were observed after sympathicotomy for PH. SPV was the most often altered parameter, mostly in the right side arteries, meaning significant asymmetric changes in carotid and vertebral vessels. Therefore, the research findings deserve further investigations to observe if they have clinical inferences.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16186983

most experts do not recommend ETS for the treatment of hyperhidrosis

http://www.sweathelp.org/English/PFF_Treatment_Surgery.asp

sweating from these areas could be under cortical control, separate from the hypothalamic centers involved in thermoregulation

Compensatory hyperhidrosis is excessive sweating of the abdomen, chest, back, thighs, and face,[6,72] usually in response to increased temperature.[46] This is the most common complication following ETS, reported to occur at an average rate of about 60%, with a range of 3% to 98%.[46] Higher rates have been reported from countries with warmer climates, such as in Asia and the Middle East.[46,82] The sweating can be severe for 10% to 40% of patients.[10] Although it has been written that compensatory sweating diminishes with time, several series have documented continued symptoms with longer-term follow-up.[46] In one series of 270 patients followed for a mean of 15 years postsympathectomy, 67% still complained of compensatory sweating, and overall satisfaction fell from an initial level of 96% to 67%.[55] It is possible that patients begin to notice compensatory sweating some time after ETS, as they are initially more aware of the marked reduction of their primary hyperhidrosis.[46] The mechanism for compensatory sweating is unclear; the most likely explanation is that sweating in the trunk increases to compensate for the lack of sweating from the denervated areas in order to maintain thermoregulation.[82] The occurrence of decreased sweating in other areas not innervated by the ganglia treated by ETS suggests that the response to ETS is more complex. The soles are the most common area with decreased sweating post-ETS, and, along with the axillae and palms, sweating from these areas could be under cortical control, separate from the hypothalamic centers involved in thermoregulation.[72] It has also been proposed that ganglion destruction affects axons of neurons in the interomediolateral spinal cord, which could lead to cell death or re-organization, changing the control of the sympathetic system by the spinal cord and higher, leading to increased sympathetic tone in the other body areas not treated by ETS.[10]  http://www.sweathelp.org/English/HCP_Treatment_ETS_Surgery_Complications.asp?printfriendly=true

the decrease in CBF induced by chronic sympathectomy cannot be attributed to the development of hypersensitivity

Thus the decrease in CBF induced by chronic sympathectomy cannot be attributed to the development of hypersensitivity to catecholamines. This decrease remained stable whatever the value of resting flow and was maintained under anesthesia. It is concluded that, as in the peripheral circulation, chronic sympathectomy affects the equilibrium of the vascular smooth muscle fibers, but that circulating amines play no compensatory role in the cerebral circulation because of the blood-brain barrier.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899385902434

Sympathectomy - a surgically induced neuropathy

"Vascular and neural diseases are closely related and intertwined. Blood vessels depend on normal nerve function, and nerves depend on adequate blood flow. The first pathological change in the microvasculature is vasoconstriction. As the disease progresses, neuronal dysfunction correlates closely with the development of vascular abnormalities, such as capillary basement membrane thickening and endothelial hyperplasia, which contribute to diminished oxygen tension and hypoxia."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetic_neuropathy

Sympathectomy results in vascular abnormalities, loss of vasoconstriction, capillary basement thickening and endothelial hyperplasia...

oedema associated with the interruption of preganglionic sympathetic tract

Swelling and oedema is often observed in patients with Raynaud's disease or causalgia after acute interruption of post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres such as a wide-spread sympathectomy. Complete sympathetic 

block dilates vein and capillary and increases peripheral pooling, which raises hydrostatic the shins and feet (fig 2), constipation and 

abdominal distention, and dysuria were observed. Oedema was not noted in the 

hands or face. 

 There were no signs or abnormal laboratory data suggesting heart failure, renal failure, liver dysfunction, thyroid dysfunction or local inflammation. Venography of the left leg did not show obstruction in the deep veins. 

 We showed that the preganglionic sympathetic tract in the spinal cord was often 

disturbed in patients with multiple sclerosis with myelopathy.' Most patients with com- 

plete transection of the spinal cord due to injury showed swelling of the lower limbs or 

oedema, but they gradually subsided within several months even without restoration of 

somatic function. Probably some compensatory mechanism improves the hydrostatic 

condition in the chronic stage and explains why oedema is not noted in patients with 

chronic autonomic failure syndrome.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g...f/jnnpsyc00488-0062b.pdf

The indications for neurolytic or surgical sympathectomy are uncertain

The indications for neurolytic or surgical sympathectomy are uncertain. There is no clear correlation between the degree or duration of pain relief and the actual period of sympathetic blockade and the same patient may show variable responses on different occasionsv (Loh et al 1980). Some patients demonstrate unexpected responses such as contralateral or delayed blocks and some are made worse (Purcell-Jones &Justins 1988, Evans et al 1980, Kleiman 1954)
http://www.springerlink.com/content/7013w45630522h6k/